Medication administration by unlicensed staff Essays

Medication administration by unlicensed staff Essays Medication administration by unlicensed staff Paper Medication administration by unlicensed staff Paper Due to the increasing number of healthcare institution but insufficient number of medical staffs like registered nurses, non registered nurse s are now being hired by different healthcare institution to meet the need of their patients in providing medical services (Zimmermann, 2000). We all now that almost profession today must first take their board exam to determine whether a person given a specific profession is ready to perform his task depending on his chosen career. An aspiring civil engineers must take and pass the engineering board exams before they will design and construct buildings and other infrastructures. A graduate of law must pass first his bar examination before going to a court and defend his client. A doctor aspirant must first pass the doctoral examination before e or she can be call a doctor. Almost all profession needs examination because it tells whether that person is capable of doing its profession. Professional Board exam serves as an ethical and professional standard and it does standardize the procedure on qualifying all aspiring graduate students on their profession. Like what is discussed in the above paragraph, board exam is very important because many companies and industries are looking for passed board and bar examinees before they will hire them. But like what is stated in the first paragraph, unregistered nurse are now being introduced in a healthcare institution to fill up the limited number of registered burse. In this paper, the advantages as well the disadvantages of employing and using unregistered nurses in administration of medication in a healthcare institution will be examined and discussed. The discussion will start on the advantages of using unregistered nurses on the said position. One of the most important reasons why many medical institution are now accepting unregistered nurses is because on the shortage of registered nurses to meet the increasing medical services. It is very evident that there is an increasing in population in the country and this means an increase also on people who wants to have medical services. One of the advantages of using unregistered nurses in a medication administration is that, these unregistered nurses can be allocated in different tasks like clerical and technical tasks. These nonprofessional tasks are part of the work of a registered nurse. Thus, if these nonprofessional tasks will be given the responsibility to other people who are the unregistered nurses, then the registered nurses and medical technicians will have the chance to focus their medical task which leads to less medical errors (Burruss, Ashworth, Arikian, 1993). A study was conducted to determine if there is a statistical difference on the medical error committed by registered nurses and the unregistered one. From the result, it showed that registered nurse commit more medical errors than with the unregistered nurse. The result was supported by the discussion on the difference in terms of medical task of a registered and an unregistered nurse. This is because, unregistered nurse focus only on one task while the registered nurse has multiple tasks. Thus, unregistered nurse is very important in a healthcare institution in helping the registered nurse take the burden in providing medical service (Burruss et al. , 1993). Given the advantages of using unregistered nurses on medication administration, there are also disadvantages. Medication administration is very sensitive task in a healthcare industry. This task sees to it that the patient is in good hand and that the medical service given to a patient must be efficient and effective. The nurse that takes in charge on the welfare of their patient must have sufficient practical experience in applying their knowledge and skills in medication administration. And this sensitive part can only be done by a registered nurse because these registered nurses undergo an effective preparation that is essential in their nursing training (Wright, 2005). Another reason why unregistered nurse are not allowed to work in a medication administration task is that, there are times that unsupervised medicines is needed by time (Zimmermann, 2000). When this time comes, unregistered has no basic knowledge in doing this task. Also, if accidents happen, they are not accountable on using unsupervised medicines (Wright, 2005). References: Burruss, R. A. , Ashworth, N. D. , Arikian, V. L. (1993). Medication administration by non-RN personnel: A safe and cost-effective response to the RN shortage. : The Health Care Supervisor. Wright, K. (2005). Unsupervised medication administration by nursing students [Electronic Version]. Retrieved November 16, 2007, from nursing-standard. co. uk/archives/ns/vol19-39/pdfs/v19n39p4954. pdf Zimmermann, P. G. (2000). The use of unlicensed assistive personnel: An update and skeptical look at a role that may present more problems than solutions [Electronic Version], 26. Retrieved November 16, 2007, from jenonline. org/article/PIIS0099176700581252/abstract

Use of Animals for Biomedical Research essays

Use of Animals for Biomedical Research essays Animal testing has been a hotly debated topic for many years among animal rights activists and scientists. Although research scientists claim that there are many benefits that can result from animal testing, it is, nonetheless, cruel and harmful to the animals involved. Many of these animals are taken out of shelters and used for science experiments instead of having a chance to reside in a home with people who genuinely care about them. Scientists and researchers believe that testing trial product chemicals on an animal will benefit humans in the long run since they don't have to suffer the harsh side effects that the animals have to suffer while In Carl Cohen's article "Do Animals Have Rights," he talks about his opinion on animal rights and how he believes that animals do not have rights for many reasons. In regards to animal testing and biomedical research, Cohen casts off any idea that animals would come out on top in this argument and makes the claim that we as people have the duty to protect our fellow people of the world and conduct experiments to "alleviate human suffering and protect human lives." Cohen argues that animals have no rights for the sheer fact that animals do not have moral claims and obligations in which people can base these rights off of. According to Cohen since animals cannot possess rights, they do not have any rights, and we are not violating any of their rights when we use them for biomedical research because they never had any rights to begin with. He also believes that animals "lack the capacity for free moral judgment,"there fore they are unable to respond to moral claims. If it came down to saving the life of a dog and saving the life of a human, the obvious morally right choice without a question would be saving the human life. Although he thinks it is wrong for animals to suffer and obviously they should not purposely be suffering for any ra...

Writting comparison and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writting comparison and contrast - Essay Example The pre-lapserian innocence is an affordable luxury for Belloc and his contemporaries, but to the generation of McCarthy there is no reason to be incurably optimistic; this is perhaps the most visible of contrasts between the two writers. The locale of the "The Path to Rome" is more or less homogenous topography of Europe that is connected by climate, by the predominant European ethnicity and the Christian religion in different form. In contrast, McCarthy's "The Road" has the whole world for its locale. The world of the "The Road" is varied in climate, barren by the work of man himself and had been home to divergent ethnicity and religious faith. Though both McCarthy and Belloc share the same Catholic heritage, the traces of the former's Catholic loyalty are hardly visible while that of the latter stands out as a champion of Catholicism. There is convergence in the attitudes of both writers that the ultimate solutions to the problems of the world would come through man's faith in God. The faith in God, which Mathew Arnold lamented in the "Dover Beach" as an eroding phenomenon, is perhaps the only sustaining power in a world is the key point iterated by Belloc and McCarthy. Though both works, by their title might evoke a feeling of a travelogue through the roads, Belloc's work is the recapture of a genuine journey that he made to Rome. " The Path to Rome" is the story of the pilgrimage made on foot to fulfill a vow he made "to see all Europe which the Christian faith has saved" In Christian tradition such pilgrimages were not adventure trips but exercises in faith. The path to Rome that too on foot, in a spirit of contemplation and prayer made Belloc see the Europe that Christian faith had made. There is a quality of innocence in his musings and the language is naturally poetic as he makes his ruminations of the places that he saw and the experiences that he relished. "Beneath the bridge there tumbled and swelled and ran fast a great confusion of yellow water: it was Tiber. Far on the right were white barracks of huge and hideous appearance; over these the Dome of St.Peter's rose and looked like something newly built. It was a delicate blue, but made a metallic contrast against the sky". In contrast to this McCarthy's "The Road" is not the literary production of a man of faith or that of the zealot of Catholicism. If the vignettes painted by Eliot in "Wasteland" shocked and disturbed the sensibilities, "The Road" of McCarthy gave the apocalyptic vision of the final days. While, Belloc glorified the achievements of Christendom in a narrow region of the world, McCarthy's arena is the whole would at the final days of man's existence. Belloc's colorful vision of the Europe as it unfolded before him made him poetic, McCarthy also makes brilliant poetry out of material that are grim, gruesome and bizarre. Though he has never celebrated the sunny side of life in his fiction, in "The Road", he crafts the delineation of hell on earth and by the use of his brilliant prose he makes the grim material models of enduring poetry. Unlike, the journey of Belloc through snow covered mountain passes, fringed by the vineyards of Italy, where hospitable rustic flock greeted him, gave him warmth of human company, freshly baked bread, the wine to

Land Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Land Law - Assignment Example The entire cost for this work was worth  £ 110,000. Ali unduly influenced Ben to signed mortgage forms that lead to release of some security in Valiant Villa to cover the costs. Ideally, not all mortgages are utilized to buy property. As in this case, it is apparent that Ali who also worked as a model scout and agent committed himself to fund Cait. However, since Ali had no sufficient money, he decided to use his right to the villa to take a mortgage with Cantander bank. According to the common law, Cantander bank has the right to repossess Valliant Villa in the event that any liability within which joint owners are liable is not honored. In National Westminster Bank v Skelton, the court held that the mortgagee has unqualified right to repossession in the event that the mortgagor defaults in mortgage repayment.2 Cantander bank has the right to repossesses the villa and either uses it to generate income or sell it to recover unpaid mortgage amounts. Surprisingly, Ben was not fully aware of the whole deal as he thought the second mortgage was a form of mortgage repackaging. Unluckily, Cait Miss was embroiled in a drug scandal which dented her image making it difficult to continue working in the model industry. Indeed Ali’s reputation as her agent was also shattered and could no longer earn revenues to cover mortgage repayments. Cantander bank is now seeking repossession of Valiant Villa which has indeed caught Ben unaware. Ben should understand that mortgage as a contact is primarily based on contract law in regard to formation, terms and termination. As such, a mortgage differs from an ordinary loan since the mortgagee has equal rights to the property as the mortgagor. A mortgage has a proprietary interest since a mortgagee has rights over the property and can therefore take possession of that property in the event of non

Rosalind Franklin Essay Example for Free

Rosalind Franklin Essay When Watson came calling in January 1953, Wilkins revealed he had been quietly coping Franklins data. When Watson saw one of the photos, his mouth fell open. Ultimately, trial and error produced a working model of DNA, but the information they used was based on Franklins data. It was March 7, 1953 that Cricke announced to the patrons of a local pub, that he and his confrere had found the secret of life. (Parshall, 173) Soon after, the results were published into an article in Nature, along with a supporting article from Franklin. (Maisel, 1) Rosalind Franklin continued her previous work. She collaborated on studies of the structure of the tobacco Mosaic Virus and also helped determine that RNA is a single-stranded helical molecule. (Sayre, 1) While on a visit to the United States later in life, she experienced episodes of pain in her abdomen. In the autumn of 1956, she learned she had ovarian cancer. Franklin continued her research up until only a few weeks before her death on April 16, 1958 at the age of 37. (Sayre, 1) The Nobel Prize was awarded to Watson and Cricke, in 1962. Rosalind Franklin never received credit for the work she had accomplished with the structure of DNA. This prestigious award it cannot be given to the dead. Ironically Wilkins was also awarded for his collaboration with Watson and Cricke. The Nobel Committee credited him with Franklins stellar work as well as his own. (Parshell, 74) In Cricks view, If Franklin had lived, it would have been impossible to give the prize to Maurice and not to her, because she did the key experimental work. (Write, 172) Even though Rosalind Franklin is no longer alive, research continues due to her previous work. If the structure of DNA had not been discovered, biotechnology would not be where it is today. By 1952 it was known the DNA had an exclusive role, as the substance capable of storing all the information needed to create a living being. It is considered to be the fine line between the living and the nonliving. Watson went on to teach at Harvard and eventually headed the National Institutes of Healths Human Genome project. This Project was begun with the intention of mapping out every gene in a human, and eventually learn their functions. This is where the field of bioethics is introduced. Many beneficial things may result from this knowledge. For example, with this information we may be able to cure many diseases and birth defects. Studying how the DNA is altered to cause these conditions will help scientist develop what is necessary to prevent these things. This project was recently completed which caused the public to question where the line must be drawn. With this new information, a couple may be able to pre-select the gender of their baby or maybe even certain traits. The new question is, When has science gone too far? Even though the mapping of the human genome may bring enormous benefits, it can be assumed that someone will want to abuse this new knowledge. As always we must accept the good with the bad. Discovering the structure of DNA and thus how it is able to replicate has also made cloning possible. This was demonstrated with the sheep named Dolly. It was cloned using DNA extracted from an adult sheep and inserted into an unfertilized egg. This process could be very beneficial in the future. We may be able to keep certain species from becoming extinct. As with any other situation, there is also a negative side. What if people want to clone themselves? (As pictured in the movie Multiplicity) There is a fine line between what is ethical and can be allowed and what cannot. For example, it would be unethical for people to continue to clone themselves in an effort to elude death. (Assuming this would be possible. ) Would it be unethical the clone in order to produce needed tissues or a certain blood type? Without Rosalind Franklins work, this information would not have been discovered for at least several years until the technology caught up with the project. It is because of her work that we may one day be able to cure birth defects, cancer, or other genetically related diseases. Unfortunately she has not received the recognition she deserves for her contributions to the scientific field. She spent most of her short-lived life working in the laboratory and most biology classes do not attribute any of her hard work to her. She has greatly impacted the world and everyones future. Stephanie Luchenfield 1. Were there any parts of the Paper that need to be more clearly explained? (ie scientific terms)? I am familiar with scientific terms so I understood what you were talking about. 2. Did it adequately explain why she was such an important person in history? Yes 3. Was it easy to follow? I found a lot of it hard to follow mainly because there were some parts that felt like I was reading a textbook. 4. What was your favorite part of the paper? I liked the part when you really explain the cloning process on regular terms by related what you were talking about with the sheep and the movie. . It was also where she crossed paths with Maurice Wilkins. (maire, 1).

Essay --

Biology Information Flow The central dogma of biology is the information flow in cells from DNA to RNA to Proteins. Francis Crick was the first to describe it as the nature of information flow. The information passes in one direction from the DNA to an RNA copy of the gene, then that copy, directs the sequential assembly of amino acid chains that become protein. The DNA-to-RNA step is called transcription because an exact copy of DNA is produced. RNA-to-protein step is termed translation because it requires translation from the nucleic acid to protein. Transcription is the DNA’s direct synthesis of RNA by RNA polymerase. Since DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded, the principal of complementarity is used and only one of the two DNA strands needs to be copied. The copied strand is called the template strand and is complementary to the RNA transcription sequence. The one strand of the DNA that is not used is called the coding strand. RNA uses messenger RNA which is a direct synthesis of polypeptides. It carries DNA messages to the ribosomes for processing. Translation is more complex than transcription. Since the RNA has no complementarity it cannot be used as a direct template for a protein. The adapter molecule transfer RNA is used to interact with both RNA and amino acids. Translation occurs inside the ribosome and it requires participation from multiple kinds of RNA and proteins. Viruses called retroviruses were discovered during the formulation of the central dogma. This retrovirus comes from the environment and into the cell and back out through normal central dogma. The retro virus comes from the environment. First the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase takes the viral RNA genome and uses host nucleotides to co... ...lowing it to respond quickly to changes in their external environment by changing patterns quickly. Almost all the changes are reversible allowing the cell to adjust its enzyme levels in response to the environment changes. The gram-negative bacterium has pores on the outer membrane called porin. They are not like membrane transport, porins are large enough to allow passive diffusion. This is how the prolin amino acids outside of the cell in the environment could have entered. So once the abundance of proline is present in the gram-negative bacterium, it should bind to the repressor and then alter its confirmation so it now binds to DNA. The proline-repressor complex binds tightly to the operator, preventing RNA polymerase from initiating transcription. Work Cited Raven, Johnson, Mason, Losos, and Singer. Biology. 10th ed. N.p.: Mcgraw Hill Education, n.d. Print.

Pros and Cons of Culture Shock

Name: Do Manh Thang Class: A15 QTKD ID: 1111260035 ASSIGNMENT’S TOPIC Pros and cons of culture shock Culture shock is an inevitably phenomenon which occurs commonly in our daily life. I believe that most of us have experienced culture shock by one way or others but some of us did not notice its influences in our life, and some even did not recognize it. In this paper, I will discuss about the pros and cons of culture shock. I will also tell you about my sparkling experience of culture shock to illustrate these pros and cons in more detailed and realistic approach.Normally, you may assume culture shock as the stress and the feeling of disorientation you experience in a new culture or new country. But culture shock basically refers to a stressful transitional period when individuals move from a familiar environment into an unfamiliar one. For the first thought, it seems to be very terrible and lead to bad impacts on individuals who suffer it. However, culture shock can also have positive implication as well as its negative implications. For the negative side, culture shock negative implications include three major issues.First, after a long period of feeling stress, you may suffer some psychosomatic problems such as headaches and stomachaches†¦ Second, you may also face some affective upheavals, which consist of feelings of loneliness, isolation, depression, drastic mood swings, and interaction awkwardness caused by the inability to perform optimally. Another negative implication you may have when you undergo culture shock is the cognitive exhaustion, which caused by difficulty in making accurate attribution. I had been a student of Vietnam Medical University before I took a decision of moving to Foreign Trade University. Read more about Pros and Cons Of ReligionAs a sojourner moving from an environment of one university to another environment of another university, I did also experience the negative implications of culture shock. For very first times, I were shocked to recognize that I might have to learn all things by myself without any force and help from teacher and friend. In my old university, we were taught everything in detail. We even have practicing time for deeper understanding what we have learned. In our class, there are four or five groups of learning. In group, we students help each other to get the insight of the lessons easier and faster.However, Foreign Trade University (FTU) is a different story. We have to learn more details at home. Teachers just show us the very overall aspects of the problem. We also have team working but it does different things to my old university. Teamwork at FTU is when you have to learn and prepare theories well to perform better on discussing and solving a given case study or a problem. High tension and intensive working in this environment made me feel tired and stressed. I usually had headaches and felt sleepy. This situation of these psychosomatic problems had lasted for almost 1 year until the second semester came.I also witnessed cognitive exhaustion when I had just moved to FTU. As a vice monitor, I desired to do something to encourage the learning spirit of my class. But I did not find an appropriate way to do because I found there is a difference between my classmates’ learning style and what I had used to. Stucking in asking what I should do, finally my results were even so bad in first semester. On the other hand, culture shock, if managed effectively, can have some positive effects. I have realized that for the next semesters.These positive effects include: a sense of well-being and heightened positive self- esteem, emotional richness and enhanced tolerance for ambiguity, behavioral competence in social interaction , cognitive openness and flexibility, and an enhanced optimism about self, others, and the everyday surroundings. Overall, for managing culture shock effectively, there are some practical tools: First, newcomers should realize that culture shock is inevitable. It is an unavoidable experience that most people encounter when relocating from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one.Second, new arrivals should understand that culture shock arises because of the unfamiliar environment, when one is bombarded and saturated with unfamiliar cues. Developing a realistically positive outlook in viewing their one-time experience as a precious adventure and doing some positive reframing of surprising events may help to lower their stress level. Third, making an effort to establish broad-based contacts with memers of the host culture and learning to communicate with them can increase local knowledge and reduce such feeling of vulnerability.Cultivating a deeper, supportive friendship network an d easing themselves into the new setting can also help to restore the identity equilibrium state. Likewise, the more members of the host culture extend a helping hand and the more they attempt to increase their familiarity with the new arrivals, the more they can increase the newcomers’ sense of security and inclusion. Fifth, culture shock is induced partly by an intense feeling of incompetence.By seeking out positive role models or mentors, newcomers may be able to find reliable and competent cultural bridge persons in easing the stress level of their initial culture shock experience. Finally, newcomers should realize that culture shock is a transitional affective phase of stress that ebbs and flows from high to low intensity. New arrivals must hang on to a resilient sense of humor and emphasize the positive aspects of the environment rather than engaging in prolonged concentration on its negative aspects, realizing that these â€Å"growing pains† may lead to long- te rm personal and professional growth and development.After one semester suffering negative impacts of culture shock, I started to learn how to get used to my new university. I learn the way for effective self-study at home. I also participated in a club to go through what my friends do in this university. I realized that they do not only learn from lectures and textbooks, but they also learn from non- academic activites. I feel happy when I could get along with my courses, follow the discussion in team working, and even make important distributions to the results of my group and my club.I could say that I have had a better sense of well- being and heightened positive self-esteem. It is hard to imagine whether I will do well in future to adapt in new environment such as a new work place or a new country without experiences about culture shock in the past. Culture shock has trained me to behave more appropriatly in social interaction and think more optimistic about people and things ar ound me everyday. Most of my bad feelings and negative viewpoints are now replaced with the better ones.By learning to control culture shock and to adapt with new environment, I have also obtained more knowledge and skills that I did not know before. It is undeniable that culture shock has made a force and conditions to me to perfect myself. Although it negative impacts made me nearly exhausted, I also want to say a thank to culture shock experiences of bringing me positive wisdoms for developing a new better version of me.